Understanding Infertility: Causes, Diagnosis & Modern Treatment Options

Understanding Infertility: Causes, Diagnosis & Modern Treatment Options

Infertility is a rising concern among today's couples, but with modern medical advances, most couples can achieve pregnancy with proper treatment. Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected intercourse (or 6 months if the woman is over 35 years).

Why does infertility happen?

Infertility may arise from male, female, or combined factors.

1. Female Factors

• Irregular ovulation (PCOS)
• Blocked fallopian tubes
• Low ovarian reserve
• Endometriosis
• Fibroids
• Hormonal imbalance

2. Male Factors

• Low sperm count or motility
• Varicocele
• Infections
• Lifestyle habits (smoking, alcohol, stress)

3. Unexplained Infertility

• In 10-15% of cases, basic tests appear normal.
• Advanced evaluation helps in such cases.

How infertility is diagnosed?

• Semen analysis
• AMH, hormonal profile
• Ultrasound & follicular monitoring
• HSG/SSG for tubal patency
• Thyroid & prolactin workup
• Laparoscopy/Hysteroscopy if needed

Treatment Options

Treatment depends on age, reports, and duration of infertility:

• Ovulation induction
• IUI
• IVF / ICSI
• TESA/PESA for male infertility
• Laparoscopic correction
• Donor egg/sperm program (if required)

Takeaway

Infertility is treatable. Early evaluation and individualized care increase success significantly. Couples should not delay seeking help, especially if the woman is above 30 years.